PERTANYAAN-PERTANYAAN
1. Ontologi Matematika
2. Epistemologi Matematika
3. Aksiologi Matematika.
Segala sesuatu yang ada di dunia ini dapat diabstraksikan. Manusia melakukan abstraksi dari bumi menjadi sebuah bentuk titik ‘.’ . Titik tersebut bias berada di dalam pikiran atau di luar pikiran kita. Dari abstraksi tersebut dikembalikan lagi ke bumi, gunanya adalah untuk menterjemahkan bumi. Karena bumi bergerak dalam ruang dan waktu maka titik sebagai abstraksi tersebut terdapat fakta dan potensi. Jika titik tersebut dapat disadari maka titik tersebut akan bermakna.
Bagaimana titik yang sebagai abstraksi ini menjadi suatu daya untuk menterjemahkan dunia? Dari sebuah titik kita dapat membuat apa saja, bisa garis, bidang datar, lingkaran, kurva, bentuk kubus, bola, dan sebagainya. Jika dari titik bisa dijadikan sebuah garis maka titik tersebut adalah potensi dan garis tersebut adalah faktanya. Jika titik tersebut dibuat ke dalam spiral dan dunia sebagai isinya maka dunia tersebut bergerak dalam ruang dan waktu. Jika kita menterjemahkan dunia dengan mengunakan analogi dan itu ada di dalam pikiran kita maka itu hanyalah setengahnya dari dunia sehingga setengahnya lagi yang diperlukan adalah fakta, pengalaman, atau realita.
Dalam sebuah konsep, abstraksi dari kehidupan nyata dapat dibuat sebagai kurva normal. Dalam kurva normal kita tahu bahwa terdapat standar deviasi atau besarnya penyimpangan dan tanda keputusan atau batas toleransi. Bagian normalnya ada bagian tengah yang paling cembung. Dalam kehidupan nyatanya, yang melebihi batas toleransi adalah sebuah masalah dan bagian normalnya adalah kehidupan yang bahagia. Sesuatu yang menjadi masalah perlu “ruwatan”. Ruwatan disini adalah sebagai suatu penjelasan. Dalam ilmu filsafat hal yang paling penting adalah penjelasan. Penjelasan menghindari sesuatu yang disebut mitos, karena mitos adalah musuh terbesar dari filsafat. Maka penjelasan itu lah yang membuat mitos menjadi logos. Jika tidak mampu memberikan penjelasan maka itu disebut dogma atau otoritarian.
Immanuel Kant menyatakan bahwa dalam pikiran manusia terdapat empat kategori, yaitu kualitatif, kuantitatif, kategori , dan relasi. Sedangkan dalam otak kita ada dua cara berpikir yaitu naik dan turun. Naik jika dihubungkan dengan logika dan apriori, sedangkan turun jika dihubungkan dengan sintetik dan pengalaman.
I. Mathematical Attitudes
1. Attempting to grasp one’s own problems or objectives or substance clearly, by oneself
(1) Attempting to have questions
(2) Attempting to maintain a problem consciousness
(3) Attempting to discover mathematical problems in phenomena
2. Attempting to take logical actions
(1) Attempting to take actions that match the objectives
(2) Attempting to establish a perspective
(3) Attempting to think based on the data that can be used, previously learned items, and assumptions
3. Attempting to express matters clearly and succinctly
(1) Attempting to record and communicate problems and results clearly and succinctly
(2) Attempting to sort and organize objects when expressing them
4. Attempting to seek better things
(1) Attempting to raise thinking from the concrete level to the abstract level
(2) Attempting to evaluate thinking both objectively and subjectively, and to refine thinking
(3) Attempting to economize thought and effort
II. Mathematical Thinking Related to Mathematical Methods
1. Inductive thinking
2. Analogical thinking
3. Deductive thinking
4. Integrative thinking (including expansive thinking)
5. Developmental thinking
6. Abstract thinking (thinking that abstracts, concretizes, idealizes, and thinking that clarifies conditions)
7. Thinking that simplifies
8. Thinking that generalizes
8. Thinking that specializes
9. Thinking that symbolize
10. Thinking that express with numbers, quantifies, and figures
III. Mathematical Thinking Related to Mathematical Contents
1. Clarifying sets of objects for consideration and objects excluded from sets, and clarifying conditions for inclusion (Idea of sets)
2. Focusing on constituent elements (units) and their sizes and relationships (Idea of units)
3. Attempting to think based on the fundamental principles of expressions (Idea of expression)
4. Clarifying and extending the meaning of things and operations, and attempting to think based on this (Idea of operation)
5. Attempting to formalize operation methods (Idea of algorithm)
6. Attempting to grasp the big picture of objects and operations, and using the result of this understanding (Idea of approximation)
7. Focusing on basic rules and properties (Idea of fundamental properties)
8. Attempting to focus on what is determined by one’s decisions, finding rules of relationships between variables, and to use the same (Functional Thinking)
9. Attempting to express propositions and relationships as formulas, and to read their meaning (Idea of formulas)
(Mathematical Thinking and How to Teach It?, http://pbmmatmarsigit.blogspot.com/)
Topic: Linear Equation System with Two Variables
Aim : Knowing about student’s learning linear equation system.
I asked to student at third grade junior high school about linear equation systems. I make an example with the variable is books and pencils. If I bought three pencils and two books, the cost is Rp12.000 and if I bought two pencils and three books, the cost is Rp13.000. How the cost of each book and pencil?
She can answer that book’s cost is Rp3.000 and pencil’s cost is Rp2.000. To solve that problem, she makes idealization that pencils are same and books, too. She makes assuming that each book has a same cost and each pencil has a same cost, because if each cost is different she cannot solve that problem.
I asked her, how is the color? Are you use that to solve? She said nope because the important thing is the cost.
She makes abstraction by changed pencil with variable x and by changed book with variable y. It makes her easy to solve the problem. She can easily solve the problem with variable x and y. It makes her use elimination or substation easily.
Conclusion:
She use mathematical thinking to solve the problems, because she makes an idealization and abstraction. Idealization and abstraction including a mathematical attitudes, mathematical methods, and mathematical contents.
A category is a pure concept of the understanding. The understanding is defined as the faculty of the mind which deals with concepts. Immanuel Kant believe that human mind can regulate experience with space and time, but there is a category before an experience.
Kant arranges the forms of judgment in a table of judgments which he uses to guide the derivation of the table of categories. He creates a list of categories by first enumerating the forms of possible objective judgment which are endowed with their objectivity by virtue of their inherent apriory concepts.
Quantity of Judgments, there are universal, particular, and singular.
Quality, there are affirmative, negative, infinite.
Relation, there are categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive
Modality, there are problematic, assertoric, appodeictic
Then, Kant differentiated twelve pure concepts of understanding four classes of three, they are:
Categories of quantity, there are unity, plurality, and totality.
Categories of quality, there are reality, negation, and limitation.
Categories of relation, there are inherence and subsistence (substance and accident), causality and dependence (cause and effect), and community (reciprocity between agent and patient)
Categories of modality, there are possibility-impossibility, existence-nonexistence, and necessity-contingency.
These category is a native conception of understanding and a pure concept of understanding. Then Kant said that thought without the content with perception supply are empty. Kant said that representations must have some common ground if they are to be the source of possible knowledge, this ground of all experience is the self-consciousness of the experiencing subject. So, categories feature is an important thing for the experience.
Each category has a schema. Schemata are needed to link the pure category to sensed phenomenal appearances because the categoties are heterogeneous with sense intuition.
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(Kant)
First characteristic is impersonal. It means that the scientific work might not be contained with our personal. Scientific woks should be universal and global.
Second, have a standard or criteria. It can be report, proposal, etc.
Third, have ethical code and no plagiarism.
We use mathematical thinking to make a scientific work. We can use mathematical thinking of we know about mathematics. What is mathematical object??
Mathematical object just lye in our mind. Mathematical object is coming from a concrete object and abstract object. Abstract object cannot be manipulate.
There are two way to get mathematical object:
1. Idealization --> with assumption that the object is absolutely perfect.
2. Abstraction --> just to learn a certain characteristic.
And the important thing in mathematical thinking is about consistent and logic. Consistent is suitable with the agreement. If there is one is not consistent, then all is not consistent. Logic is coming from daily life.
